865–925) experimented extensively with the distillation of various substances. Medieval Muslim chemists such as Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Latin: Geber, ninth century) and Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Latin: Rhazes, c. Work on distilling other liquids continued in early Byzantine Egypt under Zosimus of Panopolis in the 3rd century.ĭistillation in China may have begun during the Eastern Han dynasty (1st–2nd centuries CE), but the distillation of beverages began in the Jin (12th–13th centuries) and Southern Song (10th–13th centuries) dynasties, according to archaeological evidence. 200 CE, when Alexander of Aphrodisias described the process. Distilled water has been in use since at least c. These " Gandhara stills" were only capable of producing very weak liquor, as there was no efficient means of collecting the vapors at low heat. Allchin notes these terracotta distill tubes were "made to imitate bamboo". : 57, 89ĭistillation was practiced in the ancient Indian subcontinent, which is evident from baked clay retorts and receivers found at Taxila, Shaikhan Dheri, Charsadda in Pakistan and Rang Mahal in India dating to the early centuries of the Common Era. Early evidence of distillation was also found related to alchemists working in Alexandria in Roman Egypt in the 1st century CE. The tablets provided textual evidence that an early primitive form of distillation was known to the Babylonians of ancient Mesopotamia. 1200 BCE describing perfumery operations. Įarly evidence of distillation was found on Akkadian tablets dated c. The distillation equipment itself is a still.ĭistillation equipment used by the 3rd century alchemist Zosimos of Panopolis, from the Byzantine Greek manuscript Parisinus graces. In the chemical industry, large amounts of crude liquid products of chemical synthesis are distilled to separate them, either from other products, from impurities, or from unreacted starting materials.Īn installation used for distillation, especially of distilled beverages, is a distillery.Cryogenic distillation leads to the separation of air into its components – notably oxygen, nitrogen, and argon – for industrial use.In midstream operations at oil refineries, fractional distillation is a major class of operation for transforming crude oil into fuels and chemical feed stocks. In the petroleum industry, oil stabilization is a form of partial distillation that reduces the vapor pressure of crude oil, thereby making it safe for storage and transport as well as reducing the atmospheric emissions of volatile hydrocarbons.Distillation is an effective and traditional method of desalination.The distillation of fermented products produces distilled beverages with a high alcohol content, or separates other fermentation products of commercial value.In industrial applications, distillation is a unit operation of practically universal importance, but it is a physical separation process, not a chemical reaction.ĭistillation has many applications. In either case, the process exploits differences in the relative volatility of the mixture's components. Distillation may result in essentially complete separation (nearly pure components), or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components in the mixture. Dry distillation may involve chemical changes such as destructive distillation or cracking and is not discussed under this article. Dry distillation is the heating of solid materials to produce gaseous products (which may condense into liquids or solids). : 141–143ĭistillation, or classical distillation, is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation. boiling chips or mechanical stirrer 16: Cooling bath. Laboratory display of distillation: 1: A heat source 2: Round bottomed flask 3: Still head 4: Thermometer/Boiling point temperature 5: Condenser 6: Cooling water in 7: Cooling water out 8: Distillate/receiving flask 9: Vacuum/gas inlet 10: Still receiver 11: Heat control 12: Stirrer speed control 13: Stirrer/heat plate 14: Heating (Oil/sand) bath 15: Stirring mechanism (not shown) e.g.
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